Ultra-light hydrogen tanks to quadruple the range of passenger airliners?

Prashant-prabhakar

26 Apr 2022

The aviation sector is touted to emit more than 900 million tons of carbon dioxide per year accounting for about 2-3% of global carbon emissions and the figures are only set to grow. Beyond C02, nitrogen oxide emissions, soot and water vapour, leading to the formation of contrails and cirrus clouds, also contribute to the "overall" global warming emissions.

Representative | Neste

Decarbonization, as it is, is a major challenge for aviation. Although various technologies and innovations like Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) and electric propulsion have come to the fore, they require significant R&D, investments and corresponding regulations for safe and economical implementation.

Hydrogen propulsion is one such "disruptive technology", with a promising potential to be a part of the future propulsion technology as well.

What do the statistics say?

Recent estimates show H2 combustion could slash climatic impact by 50-70% and fuel-cell propulsion by 75-90%- this is in comparison to 30-60% by bio-fuels.

Fuel cell-powered propulsion has emerged to be the most energy-efficient when it comes to regional and commuter aircraft. A hybrid propulsion system was found to be best suited for short-range aircraft.

Hydrogen fuel-cells | Representative | Compositesworld.com

Medium-range aircraft would require stretched fuselages for H2 storage-leading to an increase in energy expenditure by 25% than conventional flights-thereby also leading to increased airfares by up to 30%.

Representative | AirInsight

The road to hydrogen propulsion is not without hurdles

As is with anything, a well-thought-out blueprint has to be in place for the successful implementation of these technologies. Challenges include scalable refuelling technology than refuelling trucks, establishing parallel refuelling, appropriate airport infrastructure, and adaptive parking stands to accommodate aircraft-to name a few.

Representative | AirInsight

If global climatic goals are to be met by 2050, now is the time to put the leg forward as commercialization and certification of aircraft can take more than ten years (give or take) and fleet replacement another ten.

Research and developments to make H2 propulsion a reality

HyPoint, a California-based firm, is developing a revolutionary cryogenic tank with a design that reportedly could massively boost the range of hydrogen-powered aircraft.

Touted to be extremely lightweight compared with traditional fuel cells, it could allow airliners to fly up to four times farther than traditional passenger aircraft.

Weight is a critical factor when it comes to aviation and aerospace as it directly impacts performance, thereby affecting overall operational costs.

Reducing weight is the most important factor for enabling longer-distance air travel with fewer stops to refuel.Dr Alex Ivanenko, founder and CEO of HyPoint.

Dr Alex Ivanenko | Twitter

Apparently, the company has struck a deal with Gloyer-Taylor Laboratories (GTL), an aerospace engineering firm. The collaboration between the two companies will see the integration of GTL’s ultra-light carbon tanks into its aeroplane fuel cell system, and numbers suggest the combination could dramatically increase range.

Tech and specs

Hydrogen's superior energy storage per weight is what sets it apart from other comparable alternatives like lithium batteries in the aviation world.

All-composite cryogenic fuel tank | Representative | CompositesWorld

According to GLT, its cryogenic tanks have demonstrated a huge 75% mass reduction when compared to "state-of-the-art aerospace cryotanks (metal or composite)." Reportedly, these lightweight tanks are also touted to hold more than 150 kg of hydrogen fuel, giving it a mass fraction of 70%. Basically, that means the tanks can store ten times more liquid hydrogen without adding mass. And all of this while slashing carbon emissions.

Similar to the carbon fibre that is used in racing bikes, our carbon-composite technology adds strength and durability while significantly reducing weightsaid Paul Gloyer, president and CEO at GTL

How is this significant?

The weight reduction achieved this way makes an enormous difference, especially when dealing with a fuel like liquid hydrogen, which weighs so little in its own right. In other words, every kilogram of hydrogen needs about 9 kg of the tank to haul it about.

Representative | Global Circulate

HyPoint estimates an aircraft equipped with GTL tank technology could achieve as much as four times the range of conventional aircraft that use aviation fuel, cutting aircraft operating costs by an estimated 50% on a dollar-per-passenger-mile basis.

For perspective, a De Havilland Canada Dash-8 Q300 with a capacity of 50-56 pax, can fly as far as 4,488 km as opposed to its normal range of  1,558 km, if fitted with this technology.

De Havilland Canada Dash-8 Q300 | Representative | Source

That's the difference between this plane going from New York to Chicago with high carbon emissions versus New York to San Francisco with zero carbon emissionssaid HyPoint co-founder Sergei Shubenkov in its statement

HyPoint is a leading producer of high-temperature PEM fuel cells for aviation applications including logistic drones, air taxis, electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (eVTOLs), and fixed-wing airplanes.

2035 emerges as European Target for Hydrogen Commercial Jet | Representative | Aviation Today

With the entire industry gearing up towards sustainable aviation, HyPoint says its fuel cell system should launch in client hydrogen aircraft by mid-2024. Also worth noting is the fact that Airbus also has plans of retrofitting an A380 with a hydrogen powertrain by 2026.

Airbus A380 Hydrogen powertrain | Representative | CNN

SOURCE(s)

COVER: New Atlas

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Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand back Tamil Nadu on revenue share of privatised airport

Radhika Bansal

27 Apr 2022

Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand have come out in support of Tamil Nadu's stance that whenever the Central government privatises an airport in a state, the state government should get a share in the revenue.

In a policy note issued earlier this month, Tamil Nadu said that if the state government acquires and transfers land to the Centre-run Airports Authority of India (AAI) free of cost, and if the AAI or the Centre transfers that land to a third party, the value realised or revenue accrued thereby must be proportionately shared with the state government "reflecting the huge investment in land being made by the state government".

Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand back Tamil Nadu on revenue share of privatised airport

ALSO READ - 13 airports to be privatized by March 2022

The AAI's board had in September 2021 given the approval to privatise 13 airports, including Trichy in Tamil Nadu and Raipur in Chhattisgarh.

ALSO READ - Privatisation of airports to be done through clubbing model, 13 next in line

"Land is a state resource and when the state and the central government come together for developing a project, which is supposed to be an earning project, the state government's capital is present as a shareholder in terms of the land. So long as it is in the government sector, things are moving in a particular way, the government of India would be making some revenue and there would be something spilling over to the state government and there would be a benefit to the public, so that is fine.Now when you are selling it to a third entity which is a private party, then you are selling the assets of the company, which include apart from the infrastructure, the land also. So, the state government should be given the value of the land.When you are in a joint venture then the investment which has been made, the government of India would put in the capital in terms of infrastructure, the state government puts up its capital in terms of its land. So, definitely in every such venture, the value of the land should be given to the state government if and when it is sold to a third party which is a private player."T S Singhdeo, Minister of Panchayat and Rural Development, Health and Family Welfare and Commercial Tax, Chattisgarh

The sale when it comes about would be using a valuation of the entire property which would include the sale price of the land, he noted, adding states should get their share.

ALSO READ - Centre to privatise 25 airports in next 3 years

According to the National Monetisation Pipeline issued last year, 25 AAI-run airports have been earmarked for asset monetisation including Bhubaneshwar, Varanasi, Amritsar, Trichy, Indore, Raipur, Calicut, Coimbatore, Nagpur, Patna, Madurai, Surat, Ranchi Jodhpur, Chennai, Vijayawada, Vadodara, Bhopal, Tirupati, Hubli, Imphal, Agartala, Udaipur, Dehradun and Rajahmundry.

According to the National Monetisation Pipeline issued last year, 25 AAI-run airports have been earmarked for asset monetisation

Tamil Nadu's policy note, issued earlier this month, stated that the value of land -- at an appropriate stage -- should be converted into equity of the state government in the airport's special purpose vehicle or an appropriate revenue sharing arrangement should be arrived at before the airport is transferred to a private party.

"I agree (with the Tamil Nadu government). The land belongs to the state. When it is under the central government, we have no issues, we give land, water and other resources. But if the Centre is handing it to private parties, revenue should be shared with the state government. A policy should be framed in this regard for all the states, not just Jharkhand."Rameshwar Oraon, Finance Minister, Jharkhand

While the Ministry of Civil Aviation is yet to officially comment on this matter, its officials told PTI that the decision regarding the matter will be taken at the higher levels of the government. 

The Centre had in 2019 privatised airports at Lucknow, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Mangaluru, Thiruvananthapuram, and Guwahati for operation, management and development through the public-private partnership (PPP) model. The Adani group won the bids to run all six airports.

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Celebi Aviation interested in bidding for Air India's ground handling unit

Radhika Bansal

26 Apr 2022

Ground handling company Celebi Aviation is keen to bid for Air India's ground handling unit when it's put on the block by the government, its India CEO Murali Ramachandran has said.

The unit, Air India Air Transport Services Ltd (AIATS) provides ground handling services at 63 airports across the country. Celebi was one of the first parties to show interest when the government first proposed to put AIATS up for privatisation in 2019.

"Of course, we'd be interested; there's no question about that. The Air India ground handling subsidiary, which is currently sitting within the holding company that the government has set up, will be up for sale and we are eagerly looking forward to the PIM (preliminary information memorandum) coming up for that.If we get that (AIATS) we will be supporting Tatas through the handling of Air India's ground handling. Celebi already handles ground handling for AirAsia India."Murali Ramachandran, CEO (India), Celebi Aviation

People tracking the development said the government may put it on the block in May. Automobile-to-aviation conglomerate Tata Sons won the bid for erstwhile national carrier Air India in October last year. AIATS wasn't part of that deal.

Four Air India subsidiaries - AIATS, Airline Allied Services Ltd (AAS), Air India Engineering Services Ltd (AIES) and Hotel Corporation of India Ltd (HCI) - and Air India's non-core assets, painting and artefacts, along with a large chunk of its debt were transferred to a special purpose vehicle called Air India Asset Holdings Ltd (AIAH).

Celebi Aviation is interested in bidding for Air India's ground handling unit

The SPV was set up in 2019. Ramachandran said that while overall demand is coming back, Celebi's business depends on the demand for international flights.

Çelebi Ground Handling is a Turkish ground handling firm based at Ankara Esenbo?a Airport. Çelebi Ground Handling has a presence across 24 major airports in Turkey and is present in international markets with subsidiaries in India, Hungary, Belgium and Austria.

Çelebi was founded in 1958 as the first privately-owned ground handling services company in Turkish aviation. Çelebi is listed on the ?stanbul Stock Exchange.

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Flight operations of Akasa Air pushed to July

Radhika Bansal

26 Apr 2022

The commercial flight operations of Rakesh Jhunjhunwala-backed Akasa Air will be launched in July instead of June.

On March 26, Dube had at an aviation event said that the airline is planning to launch its commercial operations in June.

"As we get closer to the airline launch date, we can now confirm refined estimates on our timelines. We expect our first aircraft delivery by early June 2022, with the intention to start commercial operations in July 2022.Importantly, there will be no impact on "later aircraft induction" and Akasa Air remains on plan to fly 18 aircraft by the end of March 2023.We have received our NOC and our next key milestone in the Air Operators Permit. We are working closely with the regulatory authorities and following all the required processes to comply with the requirements to obtain this certification. We hope to satisfy all regulatory requirements for this certification at the earliest."Vinay Dube, Co-Founder & CEO, Akasa Air

ALOS READ - Jhunjhunwala’s Akasa has received NOC, find out what will happen next

Akasa Air -- which along with Dube is backed by ace investor Jhunjhunwala and aviation veteran Aditya Ghosh -- got the no-objection certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Civil Aviation in the first half of August 2021 to launch commercial flight operations.

With the aviation regulator DGCA giving its green light to Boeing Max aircraft in late August, Akasa Air signed a deal with Boeing on November 26 last year to purchase 72 Boeing 737 Max planes.

ALSO READ - Rakesh Jhunjhunwala’s Akasa Air signs deal for 72 Boeing 737 Max planes

Dube said, "Concerning starting the airline, we are extremely thankful to the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the DGCA for their guidance and support on all required regulatory clearances."

Akasa Air signed a deal with Boeing on November 26 last year to purchase 72 Boeing 737 Max planes

Aviation consultancy firm CAPA said in November 2021 that the disruption in the Indian aviation sector due to Akasa Air will possibly be felt from 2024-25 onwards "once it has the scale and achieves a competitive cost base".

Dube said it would be wrong to assume that the decision to get 18 aircraft in the first year was driven by the desire to start international operations at the earliest.

“We feel 18 provides the right economies of scale to a startup airline looking to start safe and maintain economies of scale. Five (aircraft) is too few and 40 is too many,” he said.

Indian carriers must have at least 20 aircraft to start international flights, a criterion that Akasa Air will fulfil in its second year. Dube said the airline hopes to start international operations in the second quarter of 2023.

Flight operations of Akasa Air pushed to July

The first 20 aircraft that Akasa will get will be white-tail aircraft, which are planes that have been produced but not taken by any airline and hence do not have an airline’s logo on them.

Apart from the launch delay by a few weeks, things are moving fast, according to Dube. The airline has hired staff members primarily from other airlines as Akasa needs trained personnel to get off the ground.

ALSO READ - Akasa to scale up quickly, plans to hire over 350 operating crew

About 120 flight attendants, 150 pilots and 20 aircraft engineers have been signed up to join Akasa. “We have about 25 to 30 pilots on our payrolls. Others will join as aircraft keep getting inducted,” Dube said.

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Tatas to announce ESOP plan for Air India employees

Radhika Bansal

26 Apr 2022

The announcement of an employee stock option (ESOP) scheme for employees of Air India could come by April 27.

This is as per a deadline set by the government in the Share Purchase Agreement (SPA) it signed with the Tata Group at the time of handing over the then national carrier.

As per the SPA, sources said, the new buyer was mandated to adopt an employee stock option scheme (ESOP) within three months of the closing date of the sale. The sale of Air India was closed on January 27, 2022, with the formal handing over of the airline to its new owner, Talace Pvt Ltd, a subsidiary of Tata Sons.

Tatas to announce ESOP plan for Air India employees

The SPA also stipulated that the terms and conditions of the ESOP Scheme be the same as the market standard for companies, giving all employees, without any limits of designation, the option to purchase ESOPs.

Also, the government specified in the SPA that up to 3% of the purchased shares acquired by the new owner will be up for grabs under the ESOP Scheme, and also importantly, at a price not higher than 1/3rd of the per-share purchase consideration.

In what could be seen as a pro-employee step, the government is also believed to have underlined at the time, that all employees of the airline would have the option to exercise their right to the ESOP Scheme, without any performance conditions or guarantees sought.

The sale of Air India was closed on January 27, 2022, with the formal handing over of the airline to its new owner, Talace Pvt Ltd, a subsidiary of Tata Sons.

As per Indian law, employees have a period of one year after the grant of the ESOP scheme to vest the option. Additionally, Tata Group is likely to give its Air India employees one month after vesting, to exercise the option.

With the announcement of the ESOP scheme for Air India employees, it will become the second company under the Tata Group, after Tata Motors, to have introduced the ESOP scheme for its employees.

Organizations often use Employee stock ownership plans as a tool for attracting and retaining high-quality employees. Organizations usually distribute the stocks in a phased manner.

Companies offering ESOPs have long-term objectives.

For instance, a company might grant its employees the stocks at the close of the financial year, thereby offering its employees an incentive for remaining with the organization for receiving that grant. Companies offering ESOPs have long-term objectives. Not only do companies wish to retain employees for the long term, but also intend to make them the stakeholders of their company.

The move is apparently directed toward retaining talent and improving the productivity of Air India, which has been a loss-making company for almost a decade. IndiGo and SpiceJet already have ESOP policies for their staff.

ALSO READ - EPFO enrols 7453 employees on board Air India for social security coverage

Air India announces group medical insurance scheme for its employees

On 25 October 2021, the central government, previous owners of Air India, signed a share purchase agreement with Tata Group, after its INR 18,000 crore winning bid to acquire the airline. On January 27 earlier this year, the formal handover took place.

ALSO READ - Air India announces group medical insurance scheme for its employees

Earlier on April 22, In an attempt to provide better medical facilities across a large network of hospitals across the country, Air India announced a Group Medical Insurance scheme that will be activated from 15 May 2022. 

The sum insured provided would be INR 7.5 lakh per annum per family (maximum family size 7 – Employees Spouse/Partner + 3 Children + 2 Parent/Parent-in-Law) with an option of corporate buffer, to be used by employees In case of medical exigencies.

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India suspends tourist visas issued to Chinese nationals

Radhika Bansal

25 Apr 2022

India has suspended tourist visas issued to Chinese nationals, global airlines body IATA told its member carriers on April 20.

India has been raising with China the plight of approximately 22,000 Indian students enrolled in Chinese universities who are unable to go back for physical classes. However, the neighbouring country has to date refused to let them enter.

These students had to leave their studies in China and come to India when the COVID-19 pandemic began at the beginning of 2020. They have been kept waiting even as Beijing allows students from Thailand, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to return.

India suspends tourist visas issued to Chinese nationals

In a circular issued on April 20 regarding India, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) said, "Tourist visas issued to nationals of China (People's Republic) are no longer valid."

UK and Canada are among the countries whose citizens can’t fly to India on e-tourist visas but can come on regular paper visas issued by Indian missions in those countries. Indian tourist visas with a validity of 10 years are no longer valid, except for those issued to nationals of Japan and the US.

It said the following passengers are allowed to enter India: nationals of Bhutan, India, Maldives and Nepal; passengers with a residence permit issued by India; passengers with a visa or an e-visa issued by India; passengers with an overseas citizen of India (OCI) card or booklet; passengers with a person of Indian origin (PIO) card; and passengers with a diplomatic passport.

The IATA also said that tourist visas with a validity of 10 years are no longer valid. The IATA is a global airlines body with around 290 members that comprise more than 80% of global air traffic.

IATA issues these updates regularly so that airlines know which nationalities are allowed to be flown to which countries. The latest India-specific IATA update, issued on April 19, is about the countries whose nationals cannot travel to India on e-tourist visas.

India had late last month restored the electronic tourist visa facility for 156 countries, in time for the resumption of scheduled international flights from March 27 this year, after a gap of over two years.

India has urged Beijing to adopt a "congenial stance" on the matter as the continuation of the strict restrictions is putting the academic careers of thousands of Indian students in jeopardy, MEA spokesperson Arindam Bagchi said on March 17.

This issue was also taken up with Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi by External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar during a meeting in Dushanbe in September 2021.

Bagchi said a Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson had stated on February 8 that China was looking into the matter in a coordinated manner and that arrangements for allowing foreign students to return to China were being examined. 

"But let me clarify that to date, the Chinese side has not given any categorical response about the return of Indian students. We will continue to urge the Chinese side to adopt a congenial stance in the interest of our students and that they facilitate an early return to China so that our students can pursue their studies," Bagchi said.

He said the issue was also taken up with Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi by External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar during a meeting in Dushanbe in September 2021. The two foreign ministers had held talks in the Tajik capital city on the sidelines of a conclave of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO).

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